![]() ![]() In addition, qualitative studies that involve life reviews and life stories are able to answer different research questions and deepen the quantitative results. In general, longitudinal studies create an opportunity to investigate prospectively or retrospectively life-course patterns of physical activity over time and across various life events and transitions. The best opportunity to study life-course events and exposures in epidemiology is provided by birth cohort studies that can link development and environment to later health outcomes. According to life-course theory such as accumulation theory, cross-sectional factors and experiences in different phases of life accumulate longitudinally in later life. The life-course perspective has been introduced as a temporal research perspective that can potentially help in understanding physical activity behaviors over the lifespan in particular, it could be useful for the timing of physical activity interventions. According to these results in particular, the polarization of exercise to the active and inactive portions of the population is accumulated over time, and gender and social background features require special attention. A life-course approach provides understanding on long-ranging developmental trajectories. In contrast, retirement presented itself as a good chance of starting new leisure time activities. Repeated social reinforcement in the form of support for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is important especially in transition periods and life events such as secondary schooling, change in employment, and change in family structure. Furthermore, in old age, earlier physical activity seems to be the key determinant along with gender. If physical activity is at a low level in early adulthood, it does not easily become a part of life later on, particularly among blue-collar workers, women, and people with initially poor perceived health. ![]() Socioeconomic status, place of residence, and personal upward social mobility are related to participation. Especially, inactivity rather than activity tends to track from youth to adulthood. It seems that intensive participation in general in physical activity and sports, as well as participation at school age, are important predictors of adulthood participation. These definitions are offered as an interpretational framework for comparing studies that relate physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness to health.The purpose of this paper was to discuss physical activity and sports participation in a life-course framework, long-term tracking, determinants, and correlates of physical activity from childhood to old age, and present possible causal links and pathways for the continuity of physical activity. The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured with specific tests. Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. ![]() The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. This paper proposes definitions to distinguish them. However, they are often confused with one another, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. "Physical activity," "exercise," and "physical fitness" are terms that describe different concepts.
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